La Bibliothèque Nationale de France à livre ouvert
La Bibliothèque nationale de France est un grand projet de François Mitterrand, pensé par l’architecte Dominique Perrault. Un bâtiment emblématique qui stocke près de 15 millions d’ouvrages, construit sur sept ans. L’idée est que la bibliothèque soit proche du quartier latin.
La BnF est inaugurée le 30 mars 1995 par le président de la République, François Mitterrand, qui l’avait commandée.
© Olivier Ffrench, La bibliothèque nationale de France, 2003
Une gigantesque bibliothèque remporte le concours
Un concours est lancé entre vingt architectes désignés pour réhabiliter une ancienne friche industrielle de sept hectares ½ dans le 13ème arrondissement sur décisions de Jacques Chirac alors maire de la ville. L’idée est de rééquilibrer Paris entre l’Est et l’Ouest, plus industriel, en proposant un lieu qui permet l’accès à toutes les données du savoir, dans toutes les disciplines : une nouvelle bibliothèque qui fera près de trois fois la taille du centre Georges Pompidou.
Dominique Perrault est le vainqueur du concours. Il doit d’abord adapter son projet à la multiplication des livres et gérer ceux qui s’érigent contre la construction des quatre tours.
Un bâtiment aéré, accueillant tout un écosystème
Les personnes peuvent s’asseoir sur l’esplanade.
© savagecat, La grande terrasse en bois de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, site Tolbiac, 2008
L’idée principale est de faire disparaître le volume de ce bâtiment. Est laissée libre une esplanade publique entre les quatre tours. C’est à près de dix mètres en dessous du niveau de la Seine que s’ancre l’édifice. Le jardin est composé d’environ 270 pins. L’architecte Labrouste avait commandé des peintures de nature dans la Bibliothèque Nationale Richelieu, émanation du roi. Dominique Perrault souhaite recréer une relation avec la nature vivante qui se développe de façon libre.
Sa situation, le respect de son environnement et la fermeture du jardin au public permet de constituer une faune et une flore unique à Paris.
© ActuaLitté, Le jardin-forêt du site François-Mitterrand, 2011
Le plafond de la salle de lecture construite par Henri Labrouste confère à la pièce un caractère calme et clair dû aux peintures paysagères de Desgoffe situées dans la partie supérieure des arcs latéraux.
© Mossot, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Site Richelieu, salle Labrouste, 2016
La répartition de la face construite entre souterrain et hauteur
Le site François Mitterrand est composé de deux bibliothèques dont une est réservée aux chercheurs. Des espaces en dehors des salles de lecture sont en accès libre.
© Paulparis2010, Bibliothèque nationale de France, site François Mitterrand, Hall Est, 2010
Les tours sont la partie émergée de l’édifice et se présentent comme quatre livres ouverts. Ces tours sont réservées au personnel de la bibliothèque. En dessous, il y a trois niveaux qui s’organisent par rapport à la structure des arbres. Il y a d’abord l’esplanade publique puis l’accès aux services proposés gratuitement et aux salles de bibliothèques dans le feuillage des arbres. Au rez-de-jardin, les racines du savoir, accès réservé aux chercheurs. Le but étant qu’à fonds unique, les chercheurs soient dans les meilleures conditions.
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